Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK, with over 52,000 new cases diagnosed each year. When caught early, the outlook is excellent — nearly all men diagnosed at an early stage survive for 10 years or more.
One of the challenges with prostate cancer is that it often causes no symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they are frequently related to urinary function and can be mistaken for a benign condition called an enlarged prostate (BPH). Knowing the difference — and when to seek help — is important.
Important: This article is for awareness purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. If you are concerned about any symptom, contact your GP or call NHS 111.
Needing to urinate more frequently, especially at night
Needing to pass urine more often than usual — particularly waking at night to urinate (nocturia) — is one of the most common symptoms associated with prostate problems, including prostate cancer. While this symptom is also common with a benign enlarged prostate, it should always be discussed with your GP.
Difficulty starting or stopping urination
Struggling to start urinating, a weak or interrupted urine flow, or difficulty stopping urination can all be signs of a prostate problem. These symptoms occur because the prostate gland sits around the urethra, and when it is enlarged or affected by cancer, it can restrict urine flow.
Blood in urine or semen
See GP promptlyBlood in the urine (haematuria) or blood in semen should always be investigated promptly. While there are other causes of blood in urine, it can be a sign of prostate cancer and should never be ignored. Contact your GP as soon as possible if you notice this symptom.
Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area
Persistent pain or discomfort in the lower back, hips, pelvis or thighs can be a sign that prostate cancer has spread to nearby bones or tissues. This type of pain is more associated with advanced prostate cancer, but any unexplained persistent pain in these areas should be assessed by a GP.
Erectile dysfunction
While erectile dysfunction is common and has many causes, it can sometimes be associated with prostate cancer, particularly if it occurs alongside other urinary symptoms. If you experience new or worsening erectile dysfunction, it is worth discussing with your GP, especially if you are over 50.
When to act
PSA Testing and Prostate Cancer Screening
Unlike some other cancers, there is currently no national screening programme for prostate cancer in the UK. However, men over 50 can request a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test from their GP. A raised PSA level does not necessarily mean you have prostate cancer, but it can indicate that further investigation is needed.
Men with a family history of prostate cancer, or Black men (who are at higher risk), are encouraged to speak to their GP about PSA testing from the age of 45. If you have any of the symptoms described above, contact your GP regardless of your age.
Medically reviewed: · Information aligned with NHS and NICE guidance.